Business, industry and trade The number of UK business births continued to increase from 383,000 to 414,000 between 2015 and 2016, a birth rate of 14.6% compared with a rate of 14.3% in 2015.
The number of UK business deaths also increased from 283,000 to 328,000 between 2015 and 2016, a death rate of 11.6% compared with a rate of 10.5% in 2015.
London was the region with the highest birth rate at 17.5% and the highest death rate at 14%.
In broad industry terms, business administration and support services had the highest business birth rate at 23.1% and finance and insurance had the highest death rate at 17%. Economy Expenditure on research and development (R&D) performed by UK businesses continued to grow, expanding by £1.2 billion to £22.2 billion in 2016, an increase of 5.6%.
Motor vehicles and parts was the product group that had the largest growth in expenditure on R&D performed by UK businesses, of £562 million (20%).
London had the largest growth in regional business R&D expenditure, increasing by £404 million (21.4%) to £2.3 billion in 2016.
UK business R&D consisted of civil R&D of £20.7 billion (93%) and defence R&D of £1.6 billion (7%); civil and defence R&D expenditure grew by 5.7% and 5.1% respectively in 2016.
In 2016, total business employment in R&D in the UK grew by 1.9% to 210,000 full-time equivalents (FTE). Public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) decreased by £4.1 billion to £38.5 billion in the current financial year-to-date (April 2017 to October 2017), compared with the same period in 2016; this is the lowest year-to-date net borrowing since 2007.
Public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) increased by £0.5 billion to £8.0 billion in October 2017, compared with October 2016.
The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast that public sector net borrowing (excluding public sector banks) will be £58.3 billion during the financial year ending March 2018, an increase of £12.5 billion on the outturn net borrowing in the financial year ending March 2017.
Public sector net debt (excluding public sector banks) was £1,790.4 billion at the end of October 2017, equivalent to 87.2% of gross domestic product (GDP), an increase of £147.8 billion (or 4.5 percentage points as a ratio of GDP) on October 2016.
Public sector net debt (excluding both public sector banks and Bank of England) was £1,632.4 billion at the end of October 2017, equivalent to 79.6% of GDP, an increase of £46.1 billion (or a decrease of 0.2 percentage points as a ratio of GDP) on October 2016.
Central government net cash requirement decreased by £33.5 billion to £18.2 billion in the current financial year-to-date (April 2017 to October 2017), compared with the same period in 2016, largely as a result of two large cash transactions; this is the lowest year-to-date central government net cash requirement since 2007.
The OBR forecasts used in this bulletin are based on those published on 8 March 2017; OBR will publish an updated set of fiscal forecasts on the 22 November 2017 based on the government's Autumn Budget and these will be reflected in our November 2017 statistical bulletin published on 21 December 2017.
Registered providers of social housing in England will be reclassified from the public sector to the private sector as of 16 November 2017; see section 10, Upcoming events and methodological changes, for further details. People, population and community Weekly death figures provide provisional counts of the number of deaths registered in England and Wales in the latest weeks for which data are available. | 
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